保持远见卓识：NASA、火星和中继领导

2021W. Henry Lambright The Maxwell School, Syracuse UniversitySustaining a Distant Vision: NASA, Mars, and Relay LeadershipIBM Center for The Business of Government2A moon landing in the late 2020s and a journey to Mars in the latter 2030s are technically possible. As a nation, will we marshal the political will and resources to make it happen? 3TABLE OF CONTENTThe Moon, Mars, and Beyond .................................................4Our Approach to Human Space Exploration ............................5Putting Mars on the Agenda: Dan Goldin ...........................7Making Presidential Policy: Sean O’Keefe .........................8Implementing Hardware Design: Michael Griffin ...............8Maintaining Exploration: Charles Bolden ...........................9Another Reorientation: Robert Lightfoot and James Bridenstine ..........................................................11Continuity under Biden and Nelson ......................................12Implications for the Future ...................................................13Other Nations ......................................................................14Private Companies ...............................................................14Disasters .............................................................................15Conclusion .............................................................................. 16References .............................................................................. 17About the Author ...................................................................... 18Contact Information ................................................................ 18Reports from the IBM Center for The Business of Government ................................................... 194On behalf of the IBM Center for The Business of Government, we are pleased to present this special report on Sustaining a Distant Vision: NASA, Mars, and Relay Leadership. The report draws on insights from a group of experts in leadership roles with NASA.The Moon, Mars, and BeyondIn October 2020, three former NASA administrators—Dan Goldin, Sean O’Keefe, and Charles Bolden—convened with the then incum-bent, James Bridenstine, to ponder the state of NASA and human space exploration. Goldin (1992-2001) chafed at the slow pace of returning to the Moon and going on to Mars. He pointed out that China was “moving at the speed of light” and it was “damn time for America to get people out of Earth’s orbit.”O’Keefe (2001-2005) was more sanguine. Referring to President George W. Bush’s 2004 decision to return to the Moon and then travel to Mars and beyond (his “Vision for Space Exploration”), O’Keefe cited progress and “what we’ve seen come to pass” since Bush was in line with the “Vision.” He saw “elements of a consistent, sustainable kind of strategy, over the course of the last couple of decades” (Foust, 2020). Which administrator was correct? In a way, they both were. There had been positive moveme