国际能源署-德国2025能源政策审查（英）

Energy Policy ReviewGermany2025INTERNATIONAL ENERGYAGENCYIEA Member countries: Australia Austria BelgiumCanadaCzech Republic DenmarkEstoniaFinland France Germany Greece HungaryIreland ItalyJapanKoreaLatviaLithuania Luxembourg Mexico Netherlands New Zealand NorwayPoland Portugal Slovak Republic Spain Sweden Switzerland Republic of Türkiye United Kingdom United StatesThe European Commission also participates in the work of the IEAIEA Association countries: Argentina BrazilChinaEgyptIndiaIndonesiaKenyaMoroccoSenegalSingaporeSouth AfricaThailandUkraineThe IEA examines the full spectrum of energy issues including oil, gas and coal supply and demand, renewable energy technologies, electricity markets, energy efficiency, access to energy, demand side management and much more. Through its work, the IEA advocates policies that will enhance the reliability, affordability and sustainability of energy in its 32 Member countries, 13 Association countries and beyond. This publication and any map included herein are without prejudice to the status of or sovereignty over any territory, to the delimitation of international frontiers and boundaries and to the name of any territory, city or area.Source: IEA.International Energy Agency Website: www.iea.orgI EA. CC BY 4.0. Germany 2025 Table of contents Energy Policy Review Page | 3 Table of contents Executive summary ........................................................................................ 5 Energy policy landscape ..............................................................................11 Climate and energy strategy ............................................................................ 12 End-use sectors ............................................................................................... 18 Electricity .......................................................................................................... 30 Fuels ................................................................................................................ 33 Recommendations ........................................................................................... 37 Focus areas ...................................................................................................41 1. Electricity system optimisation .................................................................. 41 Recommendations ........................................................................................... 58 2. Decarbonising heating in buildings ........................................................... 61 Recommendations ........................................................................................... 72 3. Expanding the role of hydrogen ................................................................ 73 Recommendations ........................................................................................... 87 Annexes .........................................................................